吐蕃如何管理广阔征服区域

Abstract

This study used a holistic,
comparative, and documentary works review approach
documentary works of Medieval Tibetan frontier military organization
during the Tang’s
period. The paper traces the evolution and implications of this
several unsolved core issues, such as the principle and causality of
military organization on occupied territory, those name of officers
and organization that translated between Han’s
and Tibetan documentary file, they were derived from Tibetan’s
local political system or just another copies of Tang’s
frontier’s
government,
the location of military
town, their ruling area, the hierarchy among those military
authority, the possibilities of the prime minister act as a frontier
governor.

It uses archival data and masterpieces
of Tibetan studies collected among Han’s,
Tibetan documentary file and latest research reports. This study
employs an abundance of local genealogical, chronological, and
governmental sources to explain how geographical, cultural, and
political factors have shaped medieval Tibetan frontier military
organization. It combines with administration, military and
production as one solid system, it performs easily to mobilized and
simply organic structure.

KeywordsBod,
Tibet,
military
organization, frontier, Tang
dynasty.


吴凤技术学院通识中心教授,中正大学历史系兼任教授。

1
山口瑞凤着、高然译:<吐蕃统治的敦煌>文刊《国外藏学研究译文集》第一辑(拉萨:西藏人民出版社,1985)页32-63。乌瑞着、沈卫荣译:<释khrom:七-九世纪吐蕃帝国的行政单位>文刊《国外藏学研究译文集》第一辑,页131-138。汶江:<吐蕃官制考>文刊《西藏研究》,1987年第3期,页40-48。王尧、陈践:<吐蕃职官考信录>文刊《中国藏学》,1989年第1期,页102-117。马德:<khrom词义考>文刊《中国藏学》,1992年第2期,页98-101。王继光、郑炳林:<敦煌汉文吐蕃史料综述-兼论吐蕃控制河西时期的职官与统治政策>文刊《中国藏学》,1994年第3期,页44-54。杨铭:《吐蕃统治敦煌研究》(台北:新文丰出版公司,1997)。金滢坤:<吐蕃统治敦煌的军政建制>(西北师范大学未刊硕士论文,1998)。金滢坤:<吐蕃节度使考述>文刊《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2001年第1期,页97-104。H.
Richardson:The
Province of bde-blon of the Tibetan Empire,8th
to 9th
Centuries,pp305-315。Indo-Sino-Tibetica,
Studi in onore di Luciano
Petech,Roma,1990。

2
参见林冠群:<唐代吐蕃政治制度之研究>文刊氏着:《唐代吐蕃史论集》(北京:中国藏学出版社,2006)页89-90。另《贤者喜宴》ja章记载:「所谓军户千户(rgod
kyi stong sde),每翼有八个千户、一个小千户及一个禁卫军千户,总分为十个千户。」详见dpa’bo
gtsug lag‘pheng
ba, chos ’byung
mkhas pa’i dga’
ston(《贤者喜宴》)叶19下,第6行。New
Delhi 1962。

3
按《贤者喜宴》所载原文为「五翼六十一千户(ru
chen lnga, rgod kyi stong sde drug bcu rtsa
gcig)」,并说明孙波翼包括通颊汉户共有十一千户(sum
pa’i
ru stong khyab rgya ldan gyi stong sde bcu gcig
go)。亦即由于孙波翼多了一个汉通颊千户,吐蕃本部计有六十一千户。笔者以为苏毗(即孙波)的位置在吐谷浑西南,远离唐境,中间又隔一疆域广袤的吐谷浑及其他部落国家,根本不可能有汉人在苏毗境内居住,而户口又多到可形成千户,这是错误的记载。吐蕃组成通颊汉千户,应属攻陷李唐国土以后的事,而且也不仅只一个,均集中在李唐河陇地区。因此,吐蕃本部的「五翼六十一千户」应修正为「五翼六十千户」。dpa’
bo gtsug lag
‘phreng ba, op.cit. 叶20上,第3-4行。

4
林冠群,<唐代吐蕃制度之研究>页89,页110,註155。

5
《贤者喜宴》记载,松贊干布之子贡松贡贊(Gung
srong gung btsan)曾娶吐谷浑公主蒙杰墀嘎(btsan
mo
’A zha bza’ mong rje khri
dkar),此为西元六六三年以前的蕃浑婚姻关系。另于西元六八九年,吐蕃公主墀邦(btsan
mo khri bangs)嫁给吐谷浑王为妻。详见dPa’
bo gtsug lag ‘phreng
ba, op, cit,叶47下第3行。Fonds
Pelliot Tibetain in Choix de Documents Tib’etains conserves ‘a
la biblioth’eque Nationale Paris, 1978, 1979, I.O. 750,
pl,582, 第51-52行。

6
林冠群:<唐代吐蕃的杰琛(rgyal
phran)>文刊氏着:《唐代吐蕃史论集》页34-35。

7
F.W. Thomas, Tibetan Literary
and Documents concerning Chinese Turkestan, Part II, vol.56. fol.72,
pp22-25, London, 1951.

8
F.W. Thomas. Op. cit. part II.
Vol.69. fol.84. pp8-10.

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